Treaty of Paris (1815)
Second Treaty of Paris signed after Napoleon's final defeat
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20 November 1815: four treaties, not one
At Paris on 20 November 1815, France and the four principal Allied powers — Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia — concluded parallel definitive peace treaties. The British instrument was signed by Castlereagh and Wellington for Britain and by the Duke of Richelieu for Louis XVIII.
The peace was expressed through those parallel instruments rather than a single multilateral signature page bearing every state's name.
Frontiers, indemnity, occupation
The settlement generally returned France to its 1790 frontiers, subject to specified changes including the loss of Saarlouis, Landau and several frontier districts — not a restoration of its pre-Revolutionary condition, and Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter remained in force.
France accepted a 700-million-franc indemnity scheduled over five years and an Allied occupation force capped at 150,000 men, maintained at French expense for no more than five years with a possible end after three. Of the settlement's calculated value, 187.5 million francs was earmarked for fortifying France's neighbours against France — with Saarlouis itself valued at 50 million in that calculation.
What else was signed that day
The treaty confirmed the unmodified provisions of the 1814 Treaty of Paris and the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, and a same-day additional article renewed efforts to abolish the slave trade. The Quadruple Alliance was renewed in a separate treaty signed the same day, not within the peace text.
The instruments ended the Seventh Coalition's war with France and bound it to revised frontiers, a large indemnity and a temporary occupation.
Sources
Researched 23 Aug 2026 5 sources 3 audit passes
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